Neilsen’s Ice Cream – Marketing Game

[pic] Neilsen’s Ice Cream Report Report Katherine Johnstone HMMA†¢ CAH †¢ January 17, 2011 [pic] Introduction The company that I was part of during this marketing game was known as Nielsen’s Ice Cream. The aim of the game was to earn the most market share by making the right choices in marketing the products, purchasing the inventory, managing human resources, and working together. This report will go through the decisions made, reasons for them, and the outcome. Round 1 When starting out the game, our first round of decisions on marketing can be summed up with the following chart : Price |Marketing Budget |Promotion |Purchase | |Standard Ice Cream |280 |4000 |Commercial – Rich history |500 | |Special Ice Cream |295 |4000 |Commercial – Best quality |500 | |Luxury Ice Cream |295 |4000 |Sales Promotion -Cheap |500 | |Sugar Free Ice Cream |285 |4000 |Commercial – Quality/Price |500 | |Then we moved to our Human Resource Management, and made d ecisions that would affect our company internally. Board Salary: 5500 euro Size Sales Department:20 euro Education Budget:Average –> 2500 euro Working CircumstancesAverage –> 2600 euro Working Conditions:Training for management Training result oriented work Training on team building Flexible working conditions Music workplace To start off the research and development, we more so went with our best guess, feeling that this round would truly come close to being some what of a trail and error round. So the numbers for research and development are as follows: Process: 1000 euro Standard Ice Cream2100 euro Luxury Ice Cream2600 euro Special Ice Cream2400 euro Sugar Free Ice Cream2200 euro Round 2 Looking at the results from the previous round we made according adjustments, which are as follows.Standard Ice Cream With a starting price of 280 euro for the standard ice cream, the product did fairly well on the market. Our market share of the standard ice cream is 29%, which is pleasing, but staying there will be tough. A small change in the price, will be made in order to see if demand goes up or down, or is affected. We will still continue promoting the product a commercial approach, and continue with the same amount of money for the budget (4000 euro). Special Ice Cream Nielsen strongest product was our Special Ice Creams with an amount of 483.We won’t change anything on this product and will see if this does effect the company results in the next round. We will purchase 600 new items for the next round. Luxury Ice Cream The Luxury Ice Cream did a good job in the previous round, but can be improved by making some small changes. Nielsen changes the way of promoting to a Price/Quality advertisement, hoping that form of marketing will catch more attention. Sugar Free Ice Cream We sold 387 units of Sugar free ice creams last round, which is quite a high amount if you compare it with to our competitors.To attempt to increase sales and market share, Ni elsen will lower prices on this product from 285 to 280. The marketing budget of 4000 euro still stands and is put towards a commercial where they are telling about the price and quality relation. Round 3 Standard Ice Cream The standard ice cream was doing quite well the last round, so we felt only minor changes were needed. We had an average quality for this standard ice cream which we changed into a high quality, this is due to we believe that in order to be competitive you can’t settle on average.We purchased 350 products with a good quality. This high quality needs to be compensated by a higher price, because if you are just higher your quality, you will lose money. We changed the price from 285 to 295 euro. We are going to promote this product to a commercial which is giving the rich history of the product. Our marketing budget for the standard ice cream in this round is 4000 euro. With a higher quality and higher price, we should make some more profit out our standard i ce cream. Special Ice Cream Again it seems that the special ice cream is our strongest selling product.We had a price of 295 with a good quality. The changes will be made to up the sales of this special ice cream. We increased the marketing budget from 4000 euro to 4100 euro, so that people won’t loose interest and also to stay ahead of competition. We invested this 4100 euro in a tv commercial where Nielsen’s is proud of the high level of quality at this special ice cream. Because of the high sales we purchased 450 special ice cream on a excellent basis. The sales are very good for this special ice cream, so we made a decision to change the price from 295 to 300 euro.This shouldn’t make such an effect on peoples buying behavior. It’s in relation to change from a good quality to an excellent quality of the purchased items. Luxury Ice Cream The sales of the luxury ice cream weren’t so high in the fourth period. There should be a reason for this, whi ch we need to fix with making some changes. First we want to change the price from 295 to 290. This should people make more convenient to buy our product. When you are just lowering the price, somebody has to know that you made this changes, so we hired up the marketing budget from 4000 to 4200.This money will be invested in a sales promotion, so on that the sales will increase of this product. As a result of bad sales in the previous round, we don’t need such a high purchase of products. We will purchase 150 luxury ice creams on a good quality base. Sugar Free Ice Cream The sugar Free Ice Cream was the weakest product of the 4. With 203 sales and a market share of 15% the sugar free ice cream performed very poorly. We need to change something to higher up the sales and the market share. We changed the price of the sugar free ice cream from 280 to 270.We will promote this prices with a marketing budget of 4000 euro which won’t be changed from the previous round. This m oney will be invested in sponsoring, where we are telling that the sugar free ice cream has the best quality. The sales where such as bad, that we don’t need much to purchase. We are purchasing 150 sugar free ice creams, which should be enough because of an inventory of 400 stocks. Also in an attempt to sell more we had a press release stating that we were offering for a limited time a Holiday Special Sale, which is why the price was then lowered by 10 euros.In Human Resources we were not performing well as far as our staff was concerned, so we decided to try increasing the education budget from ‘average – 2500’ to ‘good-4000’, in hopes that a higher education will provide them with what they need to perform their job and possible be more satisfied. Also, we felt that it was needed to make a few changes in the research and development area as a way to increase the sales of the sugar free ice cream. What we decided was to decrease the budget fo r the luxury ice cream research and cycle it into the sugar-free’s: Process: 1000 euro Standard Ice Cream2100 euro Luxury Ice Cream2600 euro ? 200 euro Special Ice Cream2400 euro Sugar Free Ice Cream2200 euro ? 2600 euro Lastly, we felt that it was time to purchase some market research in the form of a market analysis in order to gain a better understanding of our competitors and the market we are all in. Round 4 Round 5 One key observation made after reviewing the previous rounds results was that with the increase to the education budget there was a slight positive movement in our internal sector. This prompted us to then not only give on more increase of the education budget, but to also provide an increase in funding to the salary department.An unfortunate fallout however from a miscommunication between our group members was our inventory, and this is the round where we could have turned it around if caught in time, however, we neglected the round delay, and ended up runni ng out of stock of certain products. Round 6 The big change was with in the Human Resources as well and the working conditions. After examining the data a little more it was decided to change the working conditions to include the following: Lease espresso machine Training result oriented work Lease ERP software using ASP Lease CRM software using ASP Flexible working conditionsStandard Ice Cream There were a few changes made in the marketing of this product due to declining sales. We went from focusing on the rich history to associating more with price/quality. The pricing seemed high as well so we lowered from 285-275, as well as adjusted the budget from 4100-4000. For inventory, 280 products we purchased at a good quality Luxury Ice Cream We felt the only adjustment should be made was in the pricing, which we lowered from 290-280. Since stocking was also an issue we felt it would be wise to order 400, rather then 150 as in the previous round Special Ice CreamPricing was way to high , so it was determined that hurt our marketshares of this product the most over the past few rounds. In response we lowered the price from 300 down to 280, but increased the budget from 4200 to 4300. Then we shifted the focus of the marketing from best quality to Price/Quality, and ordered 350 in inventory at good quality rather then excellent. Sugar Free Ice Cream Only adjustment made with this product was the purchase of 300 inventory. We looked at the results further and also concluded that we were missing out on market research, which was most definately hurting our chances of competing.After discussing it, we determined that it was wise to purchase market research on the competitors prices, and societies values. The results from the pricing was shocking for us. The whole time our standard ice cream was far to over priced, as was our sugar free, but the changes made previous to the communications mix proved to be almost spot on with the research. But this information was taken h eavily into consideration for the next round of decisions. Round 7 Standard Ice Cream With the huge price difference in our products versus the competitors we decided that the price needed to be lowered immediatly from 275 to 220.Marketing communication match up with the societies values research, but we ordered 300 in inventory and changed the quality to weak. Luxury Ice Cream Comparing our price to the research from the previous round we determined pricing was fine as is, but the marketing communications needed to be changed from price/quality to cheap. We then ordered 500 in inventory with hopes of high future sales. Special Ice Cream The pricing again matched up well enough to stay competitive so we adjusted the communication from price/quality to best quality and also ordered 250 in inventory.Sugar-Free Ice Cream Another big price change was made when we seen that we were almost 20 euros more then the rest, so we dropped from 270 to 250, and also ordered 500 inventory hoping fo r increased sales. There was no change made for the communications. Round 8 Again we ran into the problem of running out of inventory, still not fully realizing the key was in what we were over looking. With hopes to make one final comeback we decided that it would be a good idea to have another press release announcing one more final sale. Looking back, I see that this may have been our fatal error.In response to sending out the press release, our prices had to be lowered further and we done so as follows: Standard Ice Cream: 220 to 205 Luxury Ice Cream : 280 to 250 Special Ice Cream: 280 to 250 Sugar Free Ice Cream:250 to 215 In combination with the lower prices, we also increased the marketing budget to 4500 for each product, in hopes of reaching more people with the new of the sale. We then stacked up inventory ordering 800 standard at weak quality, 800 Luxury average quality, 700 Special at average quality, and 800 Sugar-Free at average quality. ConclusionAll in all the company would have be successful had it not been for the failure to realize the inventory situation earlier. Also, earlier purchasing of market research such as competitors pricing would have proven much more beneficial in earlier rounds. Nielsen’s actually had one of the highest company equities as well as highest net turnover, but dropped drastically in net profits in the final two rounds. Looking back all of these were very simple, if not too simple, mistakes that could have been avoided through clearer communication. [pic] Nielsen’s Ice Cream Logbook Katherine JohnstoneHMMA †¢ CAH †¢ January 17, 2011 [pic] Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek:50, Round 1&2 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round |Jef, Dammis and I discussed our strategy and how to implement it |One member left to go home for the holidays, but never mentioned being in contact or showing much concern for the 2 roun ds he would miss | |Actively participating |Before each round |Jef input data as did myself and Dammis |Again, Ross was not around, and neither side tried as they should have to make contact | |Dividing tasks Before each round |Marketing Plan tasks were split, when being redone Dammis did Ross’s Piece |The corrections were only in the pieces Dammis and Jef covered, so I revised mine and theres, and put the report together so that we all still worked together | |Cooperation |Before each round | |Minor arguments, and a small amount of miscommunication, but over all we cooperated well. | |Discussions |Before each round | |Discussed all moves before and during the input of data for each round, and brought up whatever we felt might be or could be a future issue | |Deadlines | | |Marketing Plan- December 8, 2010Round 1- Week 50, Tuesday December 14, 2010 Round 2- Week 50, Friday December 17, 2010 | | Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek: 1, Rounds 3&4 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round | |Ross and Myself just arrived back this day, but Jef was absent, so Myself and Ross met with Dammis on Skype | |Actively participating |Before each round | |Dammis and I made most of the decisions, while Ross tried to catch up and understand what we were doing | |Dividing tasks |Before each round | |I input the data while Ross and Dammis discussed | |Cooperation Before each round | |Everyone present coorperated and agreed on everything | |Discussions |Before each round | |Sometimes they were a little heated, but points were always made, but somethings did get over looked. | |Deadlines | | |Round 3- January 4, 2011 Round 4- January 7, 2011 | | Name:Katherine JohnstoneGroup:Nielsen’sWeek:2, rounds 5&6 | When | Who did what? |Task went: – Good/wrong – Why? | |Present at meeting |Before each round | |All were present at the second last meeting, but it was just myself and Ross at the last meeting | |Actively participating Before each round | |Not everyone was involved and some members seemed uninterested in completing the rounds | |Dividing tasks |Before each round | |Usually it was just myself and dammis inputting the data as well as reviewing it | |Cooperation |Before each round | |Not everyone helped to make the decisions, but those who did agreed and cooperated well | |Discussions |Before each round | |Missed out on the little fact about inventory because a dicussion was never finished | |Deadlines | | |Round 5- January 11, 2011 Round 6- January 14, 2011 Marketing Report and Logbook- January 17, 2011 | |

King Philip’s War Essay

King Philip’s War lasted from 1675 to 1676. It was the bloodiest conflict between American colonists and Indians in the 17th century New England. By 1600, colonial settlers no longer depended on the Indians for survival; therefore they pushed into Indian Territory in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. To protect their lands, the Wampanoag chief, King Philip, also known as Metacom organized a federation of tribes, which in 1675 destroyed several frontier settlements. King Philip’s War was the beginning of the development of a greater American identity; the conflicts suffered by the colonists gave them a distinct identity than that of the subjects of the English crown. The first Thanksgiving feast took place in 1621. This celebration marked the partnership of the Native Americans and the colonists. That year, Massasoit signed a treaty with the Pilgrim governor promising to give aid against enemies; they maintained 40 years of peace. However after Massasoit died in 1661, this peace began to deteriorate. The population of the colonial settlers grew rapidly and soon they outnumbered the Indians. Therefore, Europeans and the Indians frequently fought overland. When Metacom became sachem he was amid Plymouth Colony’s demands for land. He was humiliated several times, and forced to admit guilt and surrender. He then soon became angry at the colonists because they forced him not to sell Wampanoag without seeking their council first. Benjamin Church is considered the father of  American ranging. He was the captain of the first  Ranger force in America. Church was commissioned by the Governor of the  Plymouth Colony  Josiah Winslow  to form the first ranger company for  King Philip’s War. He played a unique and crucial role in King Philip’s War because he developed friendship with Native Americans and worked to understand and learn from those who lived near his frontier home. Church designed his force primarily to emulate Indian patterns of war. Toward this end, he endeavored to learn to fight like Indians from Indians. Philip and his followers went to New York hoping to find recruit and supplies. However Edward Andros, the governor of New York feared that the war might spread to his colony, therefore, he formed allies with the Mohawks who were enemies of Wampanoag. The Mohawks attacked Philip’s forces, and he returned to the New England colonies. On Aug. 12, 1676, a Wampanoag informer named Alderman killed King Philip. Philip was beheaded and quartered, and his head was displayed on a pole in Plymouth for more than 20 years.

Examples of Post Modernism in Play and Worker Drone Essay

In any situation foreign to the character, anything and everything will be done to try to make sense of ones surroundings. The importance of identifying the type of the movies shown in â€Å"Worker Drone† by Raju, S. (2010) and â€Å"Play† by Kaplan and Zimmerman (2010) are vital to the understanding of not only the plot, but also the common themes presented. For example, common themes in both movies were was the sense of paranoia, a showcase of intertextuality and an ambiguous endings. All three common themes make it clear that these movies are in fact postmodern films, despite the fact that there were also a few common themes also found supporting a modernist and existentialist sense. There were ambiguous ending in both filmsIn both films, there were clear ambiguous endings, which makes them postmodernis a large indicator of a postmodern film. For example, the audience also does not know what how the ending was in the movie â€Å"Play† movie â€Å"Play† ends, and leaves them asking questions such as to who was the little boy and does the female end up tell anyone else what she saw in the ending? In â€Å"The Worker Drone† the audience never finds out if the war had ended or even if Paul has actually told anyone else the truth. These films display ambiguous endings and leave the audience wondering as to what exactly happened, and allows them to create their own version of the ending in their own heads. This common theme displays a postmodern type of storytelling in both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play†. Another key postmodern theme that I believe was most apparent was the use of intertexting themes in both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play†. An example of such was used during â€Å"Play† when the story is actually set inside a videogame in which the characters play as characters inside of the game cartages. Also, Wwhile in â€Å"The Worker Drone† this theme is shown with the use of the â€Å"Planet Dogstar† promo commercial that is played as a video inside of a movie. These examples of intertexting are very apparent in both films and represents another aspect of postmodern themes. Lastly, as related to the previous paragraph, most specifically the movie â€Å"Play†, the strange world in which these characters live in create a sense of paranoia and has them begin to question their reality. As mentioned, in the movie â€Å"Play† these characters find themselves in a strange video game world in which they are unsure of who they even are (eg. â€Å"Who am I? Where am I?†). Meanwhile, in â€Å"The Worker Drone† the main characters have developed paranoia in which they believe they are being monitored to the point in which they have nanochips implanted in their brains. In conclusion, both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play† presented common themes showcasing a postmodern view such as intertexting, ambiguous endings and paranoia. These themes stood out the most in my opinion and made these stories postmodern in my opinion. Task 1, Topic 2: Two Examples of Post modernism FINAL COPY In any situation foreign to the character, anything and everything will be done to try to make sense of ones surroundings. The importance of identifying the type of the movies shown in â€Å"Worker Drone† by Raju, S. (2010) and â€Å"Play† by Kaplan and Zimmerman (2010) are vital to the understanding of not only the plot, but also the common themes presented. For example, common themes in both movies was the sense of paranoia, a showcase of intertextuality an ambiguous ending. All three common themes make it clear that these movies are in fact postmodern films, despite the fact that there were also a few common themes found supporting a modernist and existentialist sense. In both films there were clear ambiguous endings, which is a large indicator of a postmodern film. For example, the audience also does not know how the movie â€Å"Play† ends, and leaves them asking questions such as to who was the little boy and does the female character end up tell anyone else what she saw in the ending? In â€Å"The Worker Drone† the audience never finds out if the war had ended or even if Paul has actually told anyone else the truth. These  films display ambiguous endings and leave the audience wondering as to what exactly happened, and allows them to create their own version of the ending in their own heads. This common theme displays a postmodern type of storytelling in both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play†. Another key postmodern theme that I believe was most apparent was the use of intertexting themes in both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play†. An example of such was used during â€Å"Play† when the story is set inside a videogame in which the characters play as characters inside of the game cartages. Also, while in â€Å"The Worker Drone† this theme is shown with the use of the â€Å"Planet Dogstar† promo commercial that is played as a video inside of a movie. These examples of intertexting are very apparent in both films and represents another aspect of postmodern themes. Lastly, as related to the previous paragraph, most specifically the movie â€Å"Play†, the strange world in which these characters live in create a sense of paranoia and has them begin to question their reality. As mentioned, in the movie â€Å"Play† these characters find themselves in a strange video game world in which they are unsure of who they even are (eg. â€Å"Who am I? Where am I?†). Meanwhile, in â€Å"The Worker Drone† the main characters have developed paranoia in which they believe they are being monitored to the point in which they have nanochips implanted in their brains. In conclusion, both â€Å"The Worker Drone† and â€Å"Play† presented common themes showcasing a postmodern view such as intertexting, ambiguous endings and paranoia. These themes stood out the most in my opinion and made these stories postmodern in my opinion. Task 2: Movie Questions Q. What is the name of the movie? A. The Great Gatsby Q. When was the movie made? A. First in 1925 but again in 2013. Q. What is the main setting of the movie? (Time and place) A. Between West Egg and New York in the early 1900s after a war. Q. Who are the main characters? Which one is the protagonist? Which one is the antagonist? (Who are they, describe them briefly). A. Daisy : Gatsby loves her. He met her five years ago but didn’t marry her, now she is married with someone else and Gatsby wants to get back with her. Nick : The cousin of Daisy. Is used by Gatsby to connect with Daisy, and he is the one narrating the story. Jordon: Has a connection between Nick, Tom and Gatsby, and is a â€Å"side character† Protagonist: He is â€Å"Jay Gatsby†. His character is shown as the film progresses, and he is a mysterious man that throws parties every Saturday for what is later revealed to impress Daisy. He is a con man and has made money off of corruption. Antagonist: Tom (Daisy’s husband) is the antagonist in the film. He is originally just loving to his wife, but upon realizing Gatsbys intensions, plans to Gatsbys death Q. What is the essence of the problem or conflict that lies at the heart of this movie? A. Gatsby was unable to marry Daisy five years prior as he was too poor, and is now trying to win her back now that he is rich. The essence of the problem is also the decision by Daisy as to who she wants to spend the rest of her life with (Gatsby or her husband, Tom) Q. How are the attitudes and perspectives on life from that era reflected in the film? A. The language is very clearly an older, more British form of English with many British phrases presented (â€Å"Old Chap†). On top of that, the clothing, buildings, and cars are clearly old fashioned and dates back to the early 1900’s. Lastly, there is clearly a cultural shift between the main characters, and the lesser â€Å"poorer† peoples. This is clear by the lack of disregard to colored and underprivileged peoples in the early 1900’s Q. How is the story helped by camera angles? A. There are close shots during emotional scenes in them such as the only time when Gatsby was angry and when he was shot dead as well. There are shots with Dutch/angle to show confusion during the party scene when Nick met Gatsby for the first time. And when Tom’s lover, was struck by the car that was being driven by Daisy. There were also many long shots from above  to show wider detail like when there is a shot taken of the block/city. Q. How is the story helped by music? Provide several specific examples. A. The music was really relative to the scenes, and clearly emphasized the point playing. For example, there was soothing music during intimate scenes, and in contrast there was loud, fast paced music playing during the party scenes. Also, there was a clear difference in genre of music based on the ethnicity shown. For example more classical music was played during scenes with Daisy’s husband, and hip-hop during scenes with African Americans. Q. How is the story helped by costumes? A. Every scene costumes played a major role on portraying the setting, wither it be representing rich from poor, casual to formal, or night to day, as well as portraying the time this film was set in. The costumes were clearly early 1900s and was showcased by women wearing full dresses with hats, as well as Gatsby even holding a cane for show. An example of formal to casual is showcased by the Butlers wearing tuxedos in comparison to causal night clothes worn by Gatsby and other characters. Q. What is the overarching theme of the movie? Defend your choice. A. This film has one of the clearest themes I’ve even noticed, and it’s that wealth can’t buy you happiness. This is shown by the fact that Gatsby was able to throw rich extravagant parties, yet was unhappy because he was not with Daisy. Eventually he would actually die as a result of trying to get Daisy’s love back to marry him. Simply put, money cannot buy happiness Q. How do these production choices (camera angles, music, costumes) contribute to the overarching feeling that the movie is existentialist, modernist, or postmodernist? Choose one of these three styles and show how production choices helped to illuminate the literary style of the film. A. As mentioned previously, camera angles, music and costumes played a major role in the film. These helped present a Modernist style of movie by presenting costumes in the early 1900s sense. Around this time modernism began to grow, and you can tell by the modernist touches to the clothing. The music along with the costumes presents the Flappers ideology and really presented the modernist feel. Q. How is this like the poems, songs, or stories you have read in this unit? A. I found this movie had a variety of elements in it showcasing not only modernist views, but also existentialist and postmodernist ideas. Now of course these views have been presented in other poems, songs and stories throughout this unit, but it is the first time that all these elements are so clearly together. For example, modernist elements were found in the references to WW1 and Oxford U, while postmodernist elements were showcased in paranoia and suspension of other characters. In conclusion, I find this movie to have been a great blending of all themes, but having modernist as the center point idea. Q. How is this film different from everything else that you have read, heard, etc., in this unit? Make two specific connections. A. I found this film showcased many examples of several elements showcased in this unit (modernist, postmodern, existentialist, etc.). This made it more of an opinion choice based off the evidence as to what type of film was showcased. I did find this film to be much more enjoyable than the other films shown (practically because I knew about the story prior to) and made this film much more enjoyable/realistic to watch. Q. Is this movie mostly existentialist in outlook or mostly modernist in outlook or mostly postmodernist in its style? Why do you think that? A. I believe the movie was modernist for the most part because it had many of the elements required and did not have many postmodernist or existentialist elements throughout. Elements such as alliteration, such as the term â€Å"Old sport† were used for multiple reasons throughout the movie, which showcases a modernist form. Allusions/references were also very apparent, in such forms as references to WW1, Oxford U, etc. The theme of juxtaposition was shown as well when Daisy was deciding who to spend her life with. Task 3: Script The movie had many modern elements and concepts to it, and by adding the following monologue I hope to present the fact that it is such by using a  few theatrical devises used from that era (eg. â€Å"Strong visual images, Free-form poetry†). This scene begins the story as a reflection of the stories events told by Mr. Gatsby before the story its self is presented in full. â€Å"She was unique. A lovely girl for whom I loved from when I laid my eyes first upon her. You see, I was a fool. Her exquisiteness was so mind-blowing, so much in such that I became too nervous to make my presence available to her. We first met in Louisville in 1917, and we fell madly in love. Time changed, we grew apart. Yet here I found myself in the same country, same city and almost the same island yet I was a fool and I stayed reclusive.† â€Å"I don’t know how long it may have been, in fact I might not have ever reacquainted with her had it not been for a swell lad that moved next door named Nick. You see, every Saturday. Over and over again. Week after week. With my incredible wealth I hosted the grandest, most exciting parties that this Grand Island have ever seen, hoping, just hoping that this golden girl would show up.† â€Å"Today my heart is aching For a woman that’s far away I would give anything to hold him And any ransom I would pay† Once finished speaking, Mr. Gatsby finishes typing up what he’s said in story form. Proceeds to the crumple up the paper and throw it in the trash bin. Modified Poem from: http://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poems/love/long-distance/#ixzz3TZLUMIlw

Crime on the streets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime on the streets - Essay Example There are cases in which a person coming from a problematic heredity has been developed a sound healthy personality. On the other hand we have stories of persons who were brought up in a malicious environment became good citizens. Consumerism has conquered the current world and the advancement in science and technology has raised the living standards. Poor people always watch the rich ones with surprise and jealousy. The thirst for such higher living standards and the negligence suffering from the society will force them to adopt any kind of activities in order to earn money irrespective of good or bad. Urban areas are more volatile to violence and criminal activities compared to rural areas. Persons living in areas with heavy concentrations of the very poor, experience anomie: a state of normlessness. The poor youths in such areas may not have good jobs and education which prevent them from achieving higher living standards. But their expectations and targets will always exceeds what actually they deserved or capable of achieving which may force them to engage in criminal activities. Rich people normally stay in urban areas with high degree of living standards. The poor around such rich community often come across with such higher living standards which eluded them because of their poverty. Desperations will creep up and the poor, especially the youths who have more frustrations compared to the older people, may start criminal activities like robbery, theft and pick pocketing. But poverty alone cannot be sited as the reasons for criminalization of poor urban youths. A persons poverty may very well shape other life experiences and life choices, but it has very little direct influence on criminal behaviour. For example, we have lot of examples in which even the richest people engaged in violent criminal activities. â€Å"Abused and neglected

Compensation, Rewards, and Incentives Research Paper

Compensation, Rewards, and Incentives - Research Paper Example The various compensation, rewards and incentives programs designed By IBM have facilitated the organization to draw quality and skilled workforce and maintain workplace satisfaction of the existing employees. Furthermore, the monetary and non-monetary incentive programs practiced by IBM have facilitated the organization to prevent competent and quality employees from leaving the organization along with motivating them to perform dedicatedly in the workplace. The benefit programs have enabled the organization to foster and deliver enhanced employee development. Furthermore, the benefit programs of IBM have facilitated the organization to profitably respond to the rapidly altering market and industry trends. The benefit programs have also facilitated IBM to maintain skilled and agile workforce within the organization. The increased level of employee satisfaction within the organization has enabled IBM to quickly and effectively meet the supply and demand scenario as well as positively manage and develop costs and other revenue generation prospects associated with its performance (Boudreau, 2010). These factors have had a deep-rooted impact on IBM’s attainment of being on the ‘Best Places to Work For’

Concept of Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concept of Self - Essay Example The self develops out of a conversation, by using symbols. Mead was responsible for developing the concept of symbolic interaction, the most important factor in human social relationships. Symbolic interaction consists of interpretation, that is, comprehension of the meaning of other person's actions. The foundation of cooperation is social relations and it relies on the communication process in which meanings are conveyed. Non-symbolic interactions are those in which partners respond to each other's actions directly. Mead emphasized that the interactions and even cooperation, as seen in animals is purely biological. As against this, humans can interpret and mutually define their actions, rather than just reacting to them. In Mead's opinion, human thought, experience and conduct are essentially social. Human beings interact with each other in terms of symbols; the most important of which are contained in language. Without symbols, humans will not interact and therefore no human society. Mead was of the opinion that animals respond through gestures, but their interactions are unconscious and non-rational. Only human beings are capable of abstract thinking. The human mind can have inner conversation and adopt an attitude towards oneself. Human cognition has a symbolic nature. Animals, according to Mead, do not possess this ability, for they do not possess self. AccoAccording to Mead, self distinguishes humans from the world of nature. He distinguished two aspects of self: subjective I and objective Me. I is responsible for interpretative reactions towards social stimuli. This aspect is responsible for creativity, spontaneity, and unpredictability at times. I is the basis of self-image. The me aspect is the social self, developed in accordance with other people's views and expectations. This social fact is what separates human beings from animals. Views of H.Blumer - The Interacting Self Blumer opined that human interaction is influenced by symbols, interpretation, or addition of significance to other humans' actions. He maintained that symbolic interaction is typically human field of operation. He said that the mental and cognitive aspect of constructing meanings excludes both interaction between human and nonhuman animals and interaction between nonhuman animals themselves. According to Blumer, a human being can be an object of his own action. He can act toward himself and guide himself toward others on the basis of the object he is to himself. This process involves a selection of the objects considered relevant for the individual and an appropriate handling of the meanings of those objects. As against Mead, Blumer stresses on the I side of the self. This I is built socially, as it is a result

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 092 Essay

An outline marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench 092 - Essay Example While 1,209 companies in the U.S. soft drink industry deals with soft drink manufacturing where they blend ingredients such as water, syrup and sweeteners and sell the packages as beverage (Kaczanowska, 2010). The U.S. soft drink market is dominatd by main players such as Cocacola and Pepsi Inc Companies commanding 40% and 33% respectively of total flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing market and 28.6% and 26.8% respectively of soft drink manufacturing market in the U.S (Sicher, 2009). The remaining percentage is shared amongst many small soft drink manufacturing companies. The global market incorporates North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Asia-Pacific. The United Kingdom market the perfomance of fruit juice has great impact on the overall market, the industry includes fruit juice, juice drinks and smoothies. According to Mintel, the fruit juice, juice drinks and smoothies market in the UK is expected to grow by 13% in 2018. Manufacturer’s focus on added value especially on health matters and convenience is also expected to fuel value growth (Mintel, 2010a). The plan focuses on Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc which is an agricultural co-operative company operating from Unites States. Currently, the company is owned by approximately 630 cranberry and 46 grapefruit farmers and known as the leading producer of juice drinks, canned and bottled juices in North America. Their brand is recognized as best-selling in the last three decades dating back to 1981. The report focuses on marketing plan for the next year for Atlantic Quench Cranberries Inc (Luther, 2013). The main objective being marketing Atlantic Quench Cranberries products through increasing sales accrued to this brand and product line items as well as offering diversified products tailor made to cater for customer demands (Ahmed and Rafiq, 2002). These two objectives can be met through use of strategic product pricing,

John F Kennedy Civil Rights Address Research Paper

John F Kennedy Civil Rights Address - Research Paper Example worldwide struggle towards equal rights and goes on to argue that all Americans irrespective of their color should be offered equal treatment in places of public accommodation. He purports that every American has a moral obligation to be treated equally. It can also be observed that rhetorical devices such as the choice of diction, imageries, statistical data, and tone contribute to the persuasiveness of the speech. For instance, the use of phrases such as â€Å"ought to be possible† and â€Å"ought to have the right† clearly emphasize this sense of moral responsibility towards equal treatment and freedom. This has been aptly suggested by Newman when the author states: â€Å"the repetitive use of "it ought to be possible" is an effective way to point out the different levels of freedom that restricted the average Negro citizen† (Newman). Kennedy also seeks the help of statistical data (such as ‘one-half’, ‘one-third’, ‘twice as muc h’, and ‘half as much’) to convince his audience the white-black disparity that governs the society. Similarly, in his speech, Kennedy offers a number of instances where unequal treatment and discrimination is shown toward the Negros. These instances are capable of creating so many vivid images or mental pictures in the minds of the audience. President Kennedy then directs his audience towards the depth of the issue and leads the audience to think about the possible solutions. He makes it clear that segregation and discrimination is prevalent in almost all states of America and calls for the need to frame new legislations to tackle the issue. However, he warns his white audience that the nation is ‘confronted primarily with a moral issue’ and exhorts everyone to ask their conscience whether they are able to grant ‘equal... The intention of this study is "Civil Rights Address" by John F Kennedy. as a landmark in the nation’s pursuit towards abandoning racial discrimination and segregation. All throughout the speech, Kennedy persuades his listeners/audience to ensure civil rights, racial equality and equal treatment in the nation. The address is quite persuasive in nature and President Kennedy has successfully employed various rhetorical strategies all throughout the speech. No doubt, the speech appeals to the ethos, logos and pathos of the audience; stylistic features such as the use of imagery, appropriate language, and tone enhance the credibility and persuasive nature of the discourse. The speech can also be understood as President Kennedy’s attempt to defend and justify his controversial decision to admit two qualified Negroes into the University of Alabama in Birmingham. One also needs to keep in mind there were ongoing demonstrations, parades and rallies for equal civil rights within the nation. The speech clearly points out two key issues that haunt the American society-racism and prejudice. Thus, the speech offers the audience a thorough understanding of the speaker’s concern over the current issue of segregation in the nation. This paper tries to identify the specific rhetorical aspects of Kennedy’s speech and in doing so the paper seeks to draw evidences from the address as well. Kennedy's â€Å"Civil Rights Address† blends a variety of rhetorical elements and it is this address which paved the way for equal civil rights in America.

Class Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Class Research methods - Essay Example Bullying in early life is often the beginning of bullying in the future adult social life, and once it begins, the bully and victim, both are never the same. Bullying is a problem in our schools and hence in the society. Despite extensive research, no acceptable solution to the problem of bullying is not yet available. The consequences of bullying have been well documented in the research, and these findings suggest that bullying as an event has concrete psychosocial parameters. Therefore, intervention can be designed guided by these evidences to change this practice of bullying in schools from a social intervention strategy. Greif, Furlong, and Morrison (2003) define bullying as the systematic abuse of power. Greif and coworkers deals with the topic by operationally defining bullying, and according to them, there will always be power relationships in social groups, by virtue of strength or size or ability, force of personality, and/or by sheer numbers or recognised hierarchy (Greif, Furlong, and Morrison, 2003). Bullying is a psychosocial phenomenon in the sense that it has both psychological and social reasons and psychological and social impacts. Despite different intervention measures, still bullying in early life is prevalent which can be the starting points of future bullying in the society. Therefore, there remains scope for further studies in this area, and this can be the topic of this social research since knowledge about the factors may help the scientists to design interventions that may prevent this. Why it is worth Studying Qualitative researchers usually focus on an aspect of a topic that is poorly understood and about which little is known. The general topic area may be narrowed and clarified on the basis of self-reflection and discussion with colleagues, but researchers may proceed with a fairly broad research question that allows the focus to be sharpened and delineated more clearly once the study is underway (Kumar, 1999). Since the best way to prevent is to know why bullying occurs at the school level, this research may throw light into the different facets of this problem. In this regard, a theoretical framework of social change would best be adopted, since that would guide the intervention and would serve as a tool to evaluate the intervention. In this theoretical framework, there is an attempt to interpret the human behavior on the perspectives of social process and pragmatism. Thus all human behavior is actually an expression of interactions leading to a social process, and all of them have su bjective meanings. Bullying has subjective aspects of social life, both from the perspectives of the bully and the bullied, and they fail to respond to the objective macrostructural aspects of the social life. Drawing on this, it can be stated that social and psychosocial initiatives can bring about a change in the behavior of those who bully and change in psychological and social reactions in those who are bullied. Qualitative findings often are the basis for formulating hypotheses that are tested by quantitative researchers, and for developing measuring instruments for both research and clinical purposes. Qualitative findings can also provide a foundation for designing effective nursing interventions. Qualitative studies help to shape the researchers' perceptions of a

Cultural Identity Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Identity Interview - Essay Example Peter says that Bulgarians are the Caucasian type, almost all of them are ethnic Bulgarians, but also there are minority groups like Turks and Roma populations. According to Peter, many Southern regions in Bulgaria are heavily populated by people who have Turkish ethnicity, in some villages even only Turkish is spoken. A double check with the Wikipedia (2006) shows that Turks amount to 9.4% of the population. The other Bulgarian minority are Gypsies. Peter shares that Gypsies in general are the poorest among all Bulgarians and are not at all integrated in the dominant Bulgarian culture. - Languages Peter’s native language is Bulgarian, and this is the only official language, although there are other languages minorities speak, like Turkish, Roman, or Macedonian. The Bulgarian language belongs to the group of Slavic languages (Wikipedia, 2006). In the United States Peter speaks English, especially at work. He has little accent and in my opinion he has no difficulties in communication in English. Still, he says, â€Å"In the US there are many other languages that can be of use for you. I would say that US is a bilingual country, because Spanish language is also very popular, even sometimes is it widely spoken†. He uses Bulgarian every day at home or when talking to his friends via the Internet. He adds that he is also trying to improve his Spanish, and Russian, because both languages are useful for him at his work as a guard at a local mall. Peter has learnt English and Spanish at his secondary school. This partially explains why he knows Russian and is eager to improve his speaking abilities in the language. Religion Peter is an Orthodox Christian. He says that most people in Bulgaria belong to the Orthodox Church. Further investigation into the Orthodox religion proves that the Bulgarian Orthodox Church belongs to the Eastern Orthodox Church (Wikipedia, 2006), but minority groups have other religions, like Islam, adopted mostly by the Turkish population; some Protestants and Roman Catholics (less than 1,5% together, according to Wikipedia, 2006). When talking about religion, Peter mentions that Bulgarians in general are not very religious. He says, this varies from region to region, but the communist period that ended in 1989 did not tolerate religious beliefs, partly because of the high influence the Church used to have, and because its financial strength that threatened the status quo. Today, the Southern and Western regions of the country are more religious than the Northern and Eastern regions. Also, where Turkish population is predominant, there are villages with no Christian churches, and it is a normal thing, he says, for any village to have a church. Food Peter mentions a variety of national favorite foods - foods containing various meat types, potatoes, rice and different types of vegetables. It seems bread is something Bulgarians do not miss at the table. Peter says that fruit and vegetables are much cheaper in Bulgaria, than they are in the United States, and are much tastier, having fewer conservatives. According to Peter, the Bulgarian cuisine today is heavily influenced by the Arab cuisine and is closer to

What are the customer service channels people are more willing to use Essay

What are the customer service channels people are more willing to use to resolve problems The least willing Phone-based, face to face, self-service, online channels - Essay Example According to Perlitz & Hutton (2010), it is imperative for the customers to establish a sense of feeling that the business considered as interesting. Sending an apology through an email is one way of showing concern to the client. In addition, making a phone call is a path that many people are willing to take in solving customer issues (Perlitz & Hutton, 2010). Emphasize of the call is to inform the client that the business is handling the issue coupled by realistic promises that will ensure that the issue never comes up again. After fully fixing the problem, it would show courtesy to call or send an email to the customer on the same. Face-to-face and self-service are two methods that people least want to use when dealing with an issue involving a customer. Foremost, face-to-face channel creates a lot of unnecessary drama within the business premises. Usually, the customer attempts to prove a point that the business personnel are responsible for the problem. In the processing of putting across the point, the customers tend to become aggressive and may interfere with normal business operations (Perlitz & Hutton, 2010). On the other hand, self-service creates a huge inconvenience to the business because the customer is likely to interfere with the resources of the business. More often than not, Self-service does not resolve a problem. If anything, it fuels the problem further there will be no understanding between the parties. Some customer service channels are more preferred in resolving client issues than others. The preferred ones include online channels and phone calls while the least preferred include face-to-face and self-service. The preferred ones tend to create an understanding that ultimately resolves the issue. The least preferred channels drives intended issue further thereby causing more

Introduction To Duty Of Care In Health Essay Example for Free

Introduction To Duty Of Care In Health Essay I heard you were thinking of working in the Care Profession which is excellent, I just wanted to fill you in on a few things which would help you. Health and Social Care work places have what is called a duty of care which means that you have a duty of care towards the people that you are looking after that means you must do everything you can to keep the individuals you look after safe from harm. It is not only the work place that has to prioritise the safety, welfare and interests of the individuals using the service but also the care staff. Care workers must also have a duty of care towards other staff members to ensure that all working conditions are safe and suitable to deliver the best service they can. It also means being a responsible care giver for other individuals who could be too ill or physically unable to care for themselves and requires another person to assist them on a daily basis, this could include assisting the individuals with their personal hygiene, safety, meal preparation or other medical and physical needs until they are met to the highest standards that the individual is happy with. Duty of Care affects the way people work as the employer provides policies and procedures and ways of being aware of any dangers by carrying out Risk Assessments. Social Care workers and Care organisations must do as much as possible to keep individuals safe from harm, we do these Risk Assessments by looking for either a hazard which is an actual or potential such as a chemical or process that may lead to an accident, also risks a situation that can lead to a hazard and carry the possibilities of something serious happening.

Good Managers Are Born Not Made Management Essay

Good Managers Are Born Not Made Management Essay The key to a successful organization is said to lie within a good manager. It is in fact the effectiveness of this manager and the qualities that they possess that are vital to the development and preservation of an efficient management system within a corporation. The question remains however, as to whether or not these good managers are born, if they possess qualities that will mould them into fantastic leaders of the future. Or are they made? Is it possible to develop and acquire the necessary skills to become the good manager a successful organization needs? It should first be acknowledged that leaders and managers are often referred to assuming they are the exact same thing however, there are some differences that need to be clarified. There is often some confusion due to the fact that it is particularly difficult to define a manager because a universally accepted definition does not exist. According to Tripathi, (2008, p.2) a manager is one who contributes to the organisations goals indirectly by directing the efforts of others-not by performing the task himself. Leadership and management are closely interrelated because if you are a manager of an organization, you are in essence the most important leader (Kouzes Posner 2010, p.338). The most obvious distinction between a leader and a manager lies within what leadership refers to. Leadership does not refer to a position at the top of an organization and just because a manager holds that specific position, it does not mean they are leading. Leaders have willing followers where their right to lead is earned from those followers through their influence. They intend to make change using their personal power and cannot use coercion but instead inspire with their vision (Huth 2001). A manager on the other hand, must hold the authority to achieve results through other people whereby their right to manage is granted by ownership. Managers must be in a position of power where they can use coercion and coordinate activities (Huth 2001). However, nobody can deny that one compliments the other. It could appear that based on the above one could quite possible be born a leader but not a manager, although this can also be disputed. Kouzes and Posner (2010, p.339) consider it a myth that the noti on of leadership is reserved for those lucky enough to be born with it. Leadership is, an observable set of skills and abilities (Kouzes Posner 2010, p.338). Therefore the query still remains as to whether a good manager can be made; it may just be that a good manager must also be required to possess good leadership skills. There are surely many corporations that still value the theory that: Good managers are born not made, however the common organizational failures that can be detected within many individual companies suggest that this theory is in fact flawed. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) suggest that management development is a huge way to increase the effectiveness of managers within an organization. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) make a strong point emphasizing that even though according to popular belief the ability to manage is an inborn capability, there is a contemporary view that the KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics) which all work to develop an effective manager can be learned or acquired. Nonetheless, before touching on how companies can establish a new found understanding on developing effective management within an organization, the notion of management development must firstly be explained. Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) defined management developme nt as: An organizations conscious effort to provide its managers (and potential managers) with opportunities to learn, grow, and change, in hopes of producing over the long term a cadre of managers with the skills necessary to function effectively in that organization. The definition above supports the notion that management development should be seen specific to a particular organization. This is due to the fact that each organization is unique and should aim to develop individuals into effective managers within the context of the particular organization. In addition, the entire idea behind management development is the fact that employees are granted the opportunity to learn, grow and improve. Therefore when you refer this back to the ability to further develop ones skills, according to Werner and DeSimone (2006, p.441) it assists managers in learning how to learn. The authors also indicate that management development is made up of three components: (1) management education, (2) management training, and (3) on-the-job experiences (Werner DeSimone 2006, p.442). It is these very components that Werner and DeSimone believe strongly contribute to the development of an effective manager. Williamson (2006) concurs that on the job experience is one of the most significant learning curves. According to Williamson (2006) an effective manager is made up of a range of skills that go beyond the misconception that the sole role of a manager is to tell people what to do. Williamson (2006) made a list of characteristics and skills that are necessary for a manager to possess to therefore be effective. Some of these skills and characteristics include; being knowledgeable by understanding the goals and objectives of the company. Understanding the expectations you must meet along with the goals and objectives. Appreciating and understand the value of their team, being empathetic and knowing how to manage their time and use their time efficiently, passing those skills onto their team. All of the above are examples of skills that are gained through training and through experience, in conjunction with the components of Werner and DeSimone. A good manager is required to work hard and pour a lot of effort into his job experience to extract the necessary lessons from each experience, learning and growing. There is disagreement amongst management writers about the classification of managerial functions however Tripathi (2008, p.3) classifies the functions into six types; Planning, Organising, Directing, Controlling, Innovation and Representation. Planning is the function that determines what should be done, preparing for the future. Organising refers to providing the business with everything useful to its functioning including, personnel, raw materials, tools, capital. Furthermore Tripathi (2008, p.3) includes staffing as a function within Organising whereby the manager attempts to find the right person for each job. Just by taking these two functions as an example it can be noted that life and work experience play a huge part in the development of an effective manager. One cannot be born with the knowledge to understand the needs of an organisation nor can they have the experience to judge a persons capabilities and allocate them the appropriate job. These capabilities are acquired and developed over time. There will always be the belief that good managers are born and in fact not made, because they hold the ability to manage which is something innate and cannot be imparted by training.

Making Sense of a Change Management

Making Sense of a Change Management Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level. A somewhat ambiguous term, change management has at least three different aspects, including: adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with change is at the core of all three aspects. For an organization, change management means defining and implementing procedures and/or technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Successful adaptation to change is as crucial within an organization as it is in the natural world. Just like plants and animals, organizations and the individuals in them inevitably encounter changing conditions that they are powerless to control. The more effectively you deal with change, the more likely you are to thrive. Adaptation might involve establishing a structured methodology for responding to changes in the business environment (such as a fluctuation in the economy, or a threat from a competitor) or establishing coping mechanisms for responding to changes in the workplace (such as new policies, or technologies). This book review is an attempt to understand the theoretical background for the changes that occur on individual as well as on organizational basis. The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, highlights and explain different theories presented by the renowned businessmen, economists and educationists regarding different changing phenomenon appearing on the horizon of business world. Cameron and Greens objective for writing this book is to help their reader understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program. Rather the material presented in this book assist the readers to comprehend the change, its natu re, how it can be assessed and related to a particular situation and what type of outcomes can be carved out of the responses received on individual and organizational basis. Introduction of the Book The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change is written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green. This book is about making sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense rate. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important discovery emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. The organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems cultures, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders. This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their focus is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts. Part one, of this book is named as The Underpinning Theory and is comprised of first four chapters. Individual change is at the heart of everything that is achieved in organizations. Once individuals have the motivation to do something different, the whole world can begin to change[Individuals] are to some extent governed by the norms of the groups they belong to, and groups are bound together in a whole system of groups of people that interconnect in various habitual ways. So the story is not always that simple. Individuals, teams, and organizations all play a part in the process of change, and leaders have a particularly onerous responsibility: that is, making all this happen. Part Two The Applications is comprised of last four chapters (Chapters 5-8): In this Part, having looked at change and change management from three different perspectives (i.e. individual, team, and organization) and the roles, styles, and skills needed to become a successful leader of change, Cameron and Green apply this learning to specific types of change. They claim: We have identified four generic change scenarios, and we look at the particular management challenges involved in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios are structural, mergers and acquisitions, cultural, and IT-based process. Summary of the Book The very first chapter of the book draws together the key theories of how individuals go through change, using various models to explore the phenomenon. This chapter aims at providing managers and policy makers an insight and understanding of the change process and how it affects individuals and what strategies can be used to help the people to go through transition or transformation process without bearing a stress. Many of the change scenarios that you find yourself in require you to learn something new, or to adjust to a new way of operating, or to unlearn something. Buchanan and Huczynski (1985) define learning as the process of acquiring Knowledge through experience which leads to a change in behavior. Learning is not just an acquisition of knowledge, but the application of it through doing something different in the world. But learning to do something new usually involves a temporary dip (downfall) in the performance. When learning something new we tend to be more focus on that and become conscious of that change in our learning resulting in a change of our behavior. But once we have learnt that skill or has become habitual of that change our attention to that factor decreases and we are less conscious of it in other words we are unconsciously competent on that skill. There are four key schools of thought when considering individual change: The behaviorist approach is about changing the behaviors of others through reward and punishment. This leads to behavioral analysis and use of reward strategies. The cognitive approach states that the desired results can be achieved through positive reframing or the reinforcement of some desired attitudes. The writers believe that by setting goals and providing guidance and coaching to the employees or the people who are being affected by the change can ease the process of implementation of change. This approach link goal to motivation. The psychodynamic approach is about understanding and relating to the inner world of change. This is especially significant when people are going through highly affecting change. This approach treats people as individuals and understand their emotional states. The humanistic psychology approach in the personal development and growth of the employees by providing them a healthy atmosphere and fair chances to improve their skills to adapt to changing environment. The individuals history, the organizations history, the type of change and the consequence of the change are also key factors in an individuals response to change. Schein identified two competing anxieties in individual change: survival anxiety versus learning anxiety. Survival anxiety has to be greater than learning anxiety if a change is to happen. He advocated the need for managers to reduce peoples learning anxiety rather than their survival anxiety. The individuals in an organization work together sometimes in the form of groups or sometimes in the form of a team. Teams and groups have been differentiated in this book on the basis of their different characteristics and reasons for existence. Teams are considered more important for the organizations for accomplishing large or complex tasks. There are many types of organizational team, each with their significant benefits and downsides. Teams can be more effective by addressing five elements: Team mission, planning and goal setting; Team roles and responsibilities; Team operating processes; Team interpersonal relationships; Inter-team relationships; Teams relationships with the management. Teams are not built overnight. It takes time to develop as a team and have goal oriented affiliation among the team members. Tuckmans forming, storming, norming and performing model is useful for understanding the process. The team development process involves different leadership challenges at each stage. This book has made use of Bions work that highlights four possible pitfalls that need to be worked through. These are as follow: dependency fight or flight pairing cosiness The composition of a team is an important factor in determining how it can be successful. According to Belbin well-rounded teams work best. The Myers Briggs profile allows mutual of team members preferences for initiating or adapting to change whereas Belbins team types offer a way of analyzing a teams fitness for purpose and encouraging team members to do something about any significant gaps. The writers insist that the leaders should be aware of the type of team that can best suit the change process and how to manage that for effective and efficient achievement of the desired goals. Organizational behavior and assumptions how things really work are really important in determining the organizational response to change. This book deeply reviews the range of models and approaches developed by the significant authors in the field of business and socio-dynamics. The writers state that it is very important for the leaders and the individuals to understand their own assumptions about managing change, in order to challenge them and examine the possibilities offered by different assumptions. Comparisons of assumptions held by the employers and employees are very useful and increased understanding of each others perspective help to reduce frustration. Gareth Morgans work on organizational metaphors provides a useful way of looking at the range of assumptions that exist about how organizations work. The four most commonly used organizational metaphors are: The machine metaphor The machine metaphor is deeply ingrained in our ideas about how organizations run. According to it the project management and planning oriented approaches can be used to tackle the change. The political metaphor The political map of organizational life is recognized as vital key factor to organizational change. The organism metaphor This model is very prevalent in the human resource world, as it underpins much of the thinking that drove the creation of the HR function in organizations. The organism metaphor views change as a process of adapting to changes in the environment. The focus is on designing interventions to decrease resistance to change, and increase the forces for change. The metaphor of flux and transformation The metaphor for flux and transformation appears to model the true complexity of how change really happens. If we use this lens to view the organizational life it does not lead to a neat formulae or concise how to approaches. To be an effective manager we need to be flexible and select appropriate models and approaches for particular situations. Some of these models suggested in this book are as follow: Kurt Lewin three step model Bullock and Battens planned change approach Philip Kotters eight steps to change Beckhard and Harris change formula Nadler and Tushman Congruence model William Bridges model for managing the transition Carnalls change management model Senge systemic model Stacey and Shaw complex responsive processes. Different metaphors of change lead to different assumptions about what good leaders do. The writers of this book believe that the most effective ideas about change combine a number of metaphors, bringing the maximum benefits and avoiding the pitfalls of blinkered thinking. A popular notion of leadership is of the hero leader who leads from the front with determination, great vision and independence of mind. Bennis distinguished leadership from management and placed visionary leadership high on the agenda. Heifetz and Laurie and Jean Lipman-Blumen all argue against the need for visionary leadership. They advocate adaptive leadership which is about taking people out of their comfort zones, letting people feel external pressure and exposing conflict. Jean Lipman-Blumen instead emphasizes the need for leaders to ensure connectivity. Different metaphors of the change process imply different leadership roles. Senge advocates dispersed leadership, identifying three key types of leaders in an organizational system. If these three roles are in place and are well connected then change will happen naturally. Mary Beth ONeil names four key roles. Thoughts and actions i.e inner and outer leadership are both important for achieving organizational change. According to Kotter the hard work in the earlier stages of change process are vital for the success whereas Rosabeth Moss Kanter suggests that the harder part comes in the middle and the perseverance is necessary for success. Covey lists a set of principles and guidelines to help leaders to develop positive thinking pattern. The writers believe that the leader of change has to be courageous and self aware. He has to choose the right action at the right time and to keep a steady eye on the ball. However the leader cannot make the change happen alone. A team needs to be in place wit well thought out roles, and committed people. In this book the writers have identified four generic change scenarios and has looked at the particular management challenges involved in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios are: Structural change Mergers and acquisitions Cultural change IT- based change. Restructuring is an ever present phenomenon in todays organizations, though it could be highly unrewarding for those who initiates and those who experience it. But the leader needs to define the new changes with a clear vision and describe the objectives and goals of new structure, roles, and responsibilities, work processes for the individuals, interpersonal relationships in and out of the organization and new organizational and departmental strategies for the successful achievement of goals of organizational change. Mergers and acquisitions are another modern trend iof combating emerging environmental and technical changes. There are usually five main reasons for undertaking a merger or acquyisition: Growth Synergy Diversification Integration Deal doing Writer have suggested five golden rules for leaders to follow for effective mergers and acquisitions , which are as follow: communicate constantly get the structure right tackle the cultural issues keep customers on board use a clear overall process Culture is not just about induction programmes, it is everywhere in organizational life. Culture is vitally important for the organization because of its impact on performance. If the culture has to be changed we need to first develop an understanding about how it evolves. Schein (1999) suggests that there are six ways in which culture evolves. Some of these can be influenced by the leader and some cannot. A general evolution in which the organization adapt to its environment. A specific evolution of teams and sub-groups within the organization to their different environments. A guided evolution resulting from cultural insights on the part of leaders. A guided evolution through encouraging teams to learn from each other A planned and managed culture change through creation of parallel systems of project oriented task forces. A partial or total cultural destruction through new leadership. The writers suggest guidelines for achieving successful cultural change which is as follow: Always link to organizational vision, mission and objectives Create a sense of urgency and continually reinforce the need to change Attend to stake holder issues Build on the old and step into the new Generate enabling mechanisms create a community of focused and flexible leaders Insist on the collective ownership of the change. For having an IT-based change the organization needs to align organizational strategy with IT strategy other wise such changes will cause some major problems for the organization. My opinion about the book The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, is about making sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense rate. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important discovery emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. The organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems cultures, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders. This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their focus is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts. This book is a great resource for managers thrown into the midst of change, who need to gain understanding of what happens when you try to make significant changes in a business, and how best to manage people through it. This book is really helpful for leaders and managers in organizations to make sense of change management, providing insights into different frameworks and describing ways of approaching change at an individual, team, and organizational level. This book can be a guideline for any organization that needs to understand why change happens, how it happens and what needs to be done to make a change a welcome, rather than an unwelcome, visitor. It offers considered insights into the many frameworks, models and ways of approaching change and helps the reader to apply the right approach to each unique situation. This is a book that lives up to its titleit really does provide a toolkit to make sense of change. Every theory or main concept is accompanied by Stop and Think section where questions are listed to help the reader to reflect about what they have read in that section of the book. They also provide a chance to apply their theoretical knowledge to the real world situation and in this manner; way for cognitive and constructive learning is paved. The only thing which seems to be missing from this book is the case study. If each section or chapter is supplemented with a real world case study, this toolkit will become more effective and sharpen problem solving skills of the readers at one hand and an instant application of their learned skills on the other. Overall its an impressive practical book that will help managers who are looking for ideas rather than instruction. This is theoretically underpinned book on change which recognizes a multiplicity of perspectives.

Business Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

Running Head: Business Ethics Business Ethics name school The modern theory of the firm, which is central to finance and corporate law, views the corporation as a of contracts among the various corporate constituencies. Upon this foundation, finance theory and corporate law postulate shareholder wealth as the objective of the firm. Research in business ethics has largely ignored this contracts theory of the firm except to reject the financial-legal model as normatively inadequate. Philosophers generally bring philosophical theories of ethics to bear on problems of business, and they regard the contractual theory of the firm primarily as a subject for criticism using the resources of philosophical ethics. In particular, stakeholder theory, which stresses the importance of all groups that affect or are affected by a firm, has been proposed as a more adequate theory of the firm for studying business ethics. An important benefit of business ethics research conducted within such a framework would be a narrowing of the gulf between business ethics and the fields of financial economics and corporate law. Business ethics is widely dismissed as irrelevant by researchers in these fields because of its failure to recognize the existing financial and legal structures of the corporation, which are built largely on a contractual foundation. Hence, a common framework could increase the relevance of business ethics research and create a mutually beneficial dialogue. As a framework for identifying and analyzing many common business ethics problems, the contractual theory focuses our attention on the need to provide adequate safeguards for each constituency's interests. Corporate governance is concerned primarily with protecting shareholder interests, in part because the special contracting problems of shareholders are best met by the residual claims that the law of corporate governance creates. The comparative neglect of other constituencies in corporate law is not a matter of concern as long as their interests are adequately protected in some way. How the interests of each constituency are protected--whether by means of corporate governance structures or other means--is a matter of what works best in practice. Before we can devise means for protecting the interests of each ... ...act but on the efficacy of the actual claims of the group in question. Business ethics problems can be identified mainly as wrongful harms, misallocations, and misappropriations. These categories are commonly employed in economics, finance, and corporate law in the analysis of various kinds of problems, which are usually attributed to market failures, imperfect contracting, and other causes. However, many of these other kinds of problems arise from larger economic and political forces that would affect any theory of the firm. References Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis," Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 (2001), 53-73; Allen Kaufman, Lawrence Zacharias, and Marvin Karson, Managers vs. Owners: The Struggle for Corporate Control in American Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Alderson, A. and Kakabadse, A., (1994), 'Business Ethics and Irish Management: A Cross-Cultural Study', European Management Journal, Volume 12, Number 4, December, pp. 432-441. Abelson, R. and Nielson, K., (2003), 'The History of Ethics', in Edwards, P. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Ethics, Macmillan, New York, pp. 81-116. Business Ethics Essay -- essays research papers Running Head: Business Ethics Business Ethics name school The modern theory of the firm, which is central to finance and corporate law, views the corporation as a of contracts among the various corporate constituencies. Upon this foundation, finance theory and corporate law postulate shareholder wealth as the objective of the firm. Research in business ethics has largely ignored this contracts theory of the firm except to reject the financial-legal model as normatively inadequate. Philosophers generally bring philosophical theories of ethics to bear on problems of business, and they regard the contractual theory of the firm primarily as a subject for criticism using the resources of philosophical ethics. In particular, stakeholder theory, which stresses the importance of all groups that affect or are affected by a firm, has been proposed as a more adequate theory of the firm for studying business ethics. An important benefit of business ethics research conducted within such a framework would be a narrowing of the gulf between business ethics and the fields of financial economics and corporate law. Business ethics is widely dismissed as irrelevant by researchers in these fields because of its failure to recognize the existing financial and legal structures of the corporation, which are built largely on a contractual foundation. Hence, a common framework could increase the relevance of business ethics research and create a mutually beneficial dialogue. As a framework for identifying and analyzing many common business ethics problems, the contractual theory focuses our attention on the need to provide adequate safeguards for each constituency's interests. Corporate governance is concerned primarily with protecting shareholder interests, in part because the special contracting problems of shareholders are best met by the residual claims that the law of corporate governance creates. The comparative neglect of other constituencies in corporate law is not a matter of concern as long as their interests are adequately protected in some way. How the interests of each constituency are protected--whether by means of corporate governance structures or other means--is a matter of what works best in practice. Before we can devise means for protecting the interests of each ... ...act but on the efficacy of the actual claims of the group in question. Business ethics problems can be identified mainly as wrongful harms, misallocations, and misappropriations. These categories are commonly employed in economics, finance, and corporate law in the analysis of various kinds of problems, which are usually attributed to market failures, imperfect contracting, and other causes. However, many of these other kinds of problems arise from larger economic and political forces that would affect any theory of the firm. References Kenneth E. Goodpaster, "Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis," Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 (2001), 53-73; Allen Kaufman, Lawrence Zacharias, and Marvin Karson, Managers vs. Owners: The Struggle for Corporate Control in American Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Alderson, A. and Kakabadse, A., (1994), 'Business Ethics and Irish Management: A Cross-Cultural Study', European Management Journal, Volume 12, Number 4, December, pp. 432-441. Abelson, R. and Nielson, K., (2003), 'The History of Ethics', in Edwards, P. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Ethics, Macmillan, New York, pp. 81-116.

The Pastoral Setting of Shakespeares As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The Pastoral Setting of As You Like It    Central to the pastoral vision of As You Like It is the setting in the Forest of Ardenne, especially the contrast between it and the ducal court. In the former, there is a powerful political presence which creates dangers. Deception lurks behind many actions, brothers have secret agendas against their brothers, and people have to answer to the arbitrary demands of power.    In the Forest of Ardenne, however, life is very different. For one thing, there is no urgency to the agenda. There are no clocks in the forest, and for the exiled courtiers there is no regular work. They are free to roam around the forest, prompted by their own desires. There is plenty of food to eat, so the communal hunt takes care of their physical needs. That and the absence of a complex political hierarchy creates a much stronger sense of communal equality hearkening back the the mythical good old days. The exiled Duke himself attests to the advantages of living far from the court, free of the deceits of flattery and double dealing and welcomes Orlando to the feast without suspicion.    And, most important here, especially in comparison with the history plays, is the importance of singing. As You Like It is full of songs-not performances by professional court musicians, but impromptu group singing which expresses better than anything else the spontaneous joy these people derive from life in the Forest and the joy they give back to others. The songs indicate clearly the way in which in the Forest people can shape their actions to their moods-a situation totally unlike the court where one has to consider one's actions much more carefully.    Hence, the Forest of Ardenne provides for the exiled courtiers an important freedom to experiment with their lives, to discover things about themselves. In the Forest people can talk openly with whoever they might happen to meet on a stroll through the trees, and that might be anyone, given that in the Forest no one owns any particular territory (there are no rooms, palaces, roads-unlike the court where there is a preoccupation with property) and thus one might well meet and have to deal with a person whom one would never get close to in the court (that can have comic results, of course, as Touchstone's conversations with Audrey and William demonstrate).

Integrated Marketing Communication and Branding Essay

Abstract In an increasingly competitive marketplace, greater emphasis is being placed on brand image development as the basis for consumer discrimination. Advertising has a central role to play in developing brand image, whether at the corporate, retail or product level. It informs consumers of the functional capabilities of the brand while simultaneously imbuing the brand with symbolic values and meanings relevant to the consumer. These two functions of advertising closely parallel the informational and transformational schools of advertising effects and theories on the central and peripheral routes to consumer persuasion. Such dichotomous approaches to explanation are unlikely to represent the reality of consumer choice in that brand image is likely to be formed by the simultaneous absorption of advertising messages based on both the functional and expressive capabilities of brands. Source: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/case_studies.htm/journals.htm?articleid=857593&show=html&WT.mc_id=alsor ead Abstract Purchase intentions for apparel products often require physical examination prior to purchase. Hence, greater risk is associated with shopping online for apparel products, making it important to examine factors that reduce various risks influencing online purchase intentions. This study examines and compares the impact of two of the most important risk reducers for online apparel shopping – product brand image and online store image – on specific types of perceived risks and online purchase intentions for apparel. The results show that product brand image influences consumers’ online purchase intentions both directly and indirectly by reducing various risk perceptions. Online store image impacts purchase intentions indirectly by decreasing risk perceptions. The results of this study provide fresh insight into understanding the impact of product brand image and online store image on each type of perceived risk associated with online shopping Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096969891200029X Abstract Purpose – From an integrated marketing communications perspective, this study aims to analyses what level of consistency among brand messages is more effective in terms of customer-based brand equity. In particular it aims to evaluate its impact on brand knowledge structure, and how brand familiarity moderates this influence.. Source: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/case_studies.htm/journals.htm?articleid=17014825&show=html&WT.mc_id=alsoread

McCulloch vs. Maryland

McCulloch vs. doc is one of the most epoch-making faces incessantly decided by the join pleads imperative romance, and is perhaps each the more world-shaking in that it was one of earliest cases of major proportions decided by the judicatory. The background of this case extends many age before its 1819 authoritative speak to decision. In 1791, the relation back of the fall in posits created the start patoising concern of the join presents. The primary Bank was primarily ashesed in put in to help alleviate debt salt away during the Revolutionary contend. The brainchild of then-Secretary of the Treasury horse parsley Hamilton, it was bitterly opposed by many. The First Bank remained in existence until 1811, when carnal knowledge decided to let its charter expire.Economic troubles in the United responsibilitys continued during that time period, and dissevericularly as a result of the War of 1812. In 1816, a proposition was passed to form the gage Bank of the United States in order to combat debt that continued to mount. As with the charter of the First Bank, the charter of the bet on Bank was only authorized to stick up for twenty years. Opposition to the Second Bank was even fiercer than opposition to the First Bank.The State of medico, to protect itself from loan mandates of the Second Bank, passed a police force imposing a revenue enhancement on any bank non chartered by the State of atomic number 101. The only bank at that time to get operations in bloody shameland plainly without being chartered by the State of Maryland was the Second Bank of the United States. The Second Bank ref apply to pay the oblige revenue revenueed, and the State of Maryland filed suit against the topical anaesthetic representative for the bank, James McCulloch.Before being hear by the Supreme act of the United States, McCulloch vs. Maryland was first heard by a state court in Maryland and later the Maryland romance of Appeals. Both the state court and the Court of Appeals held for the State of Maryland. When the case came to the Supreme Court on error in 1819, the highest form of the land reversed the decision of some(prenominal) the Court of Appeals and the state court in Maryland, holding for the federal government.The argument employ by the State of Maryland in support of their right to tax income an invention conducting art without their borders was that the opus did not cultivate any cookerys affecting banking. Further, the State of Maryland argued that because of that Constitutional omission, the national brass did not absorb the proper ascendency to charter a bank and therefore, the Second Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. On the situation of the Federal authorities, the argument was offered that nothing in the Constitution prohibited the governing body of the bank in order to conduct burning(prenominal) financial business on behalf of the country. The Court sided with this a rgument and found that the taxed imposed by the State of Maryland improperly interceded with the business of the Federal politics.The ongoing impact of McCulloch vs. Maryland is profound. Two important term of beliefs that would be used repeatedly in later years resulted from this decision. The first principle holds that the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied provides to be used in upholding express powers granted by the Constitution. What this means is that it can be inferred that certain actions whitethorn become necessary in order to ensure the functionality of the Federal disposal. The second principle is that no state can interfere in the conduct of the Federal political sympathies when that conduct is protected or provided for by the Constitution. In the decision of the Court, written by school principal Justice prank Marshall, a statement is make thatIf the States may tax one instrument, employed by the regimen in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every new(prenominal) instrument. They may tax the mail they may tax the mint they may tax procure rights they may tax the papers of the utilization house they may tax discriminatory process they may tax all the means employed by the Government to an excess which would defeat all the ends of Government.In deliberately enumerating some many other actions that could follow, the slippery slope of finding for the State of Maryland is indicated, clearly showing that to permit such taxation would be detrimental to the give outings of the government as a whole.Steven Engel, in an article published by the Yale Law Journal, writing that one of the significant results of the decision in McCulloch vs. Maryland is in the crafting of the Fourteenth Amendment, saying In pen Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Republicans borrowed explicitly from McCulloch in granting Congress the power to employ the provisions of the quickenment by appropriate edict. (Engel, 1999)Sp ecifically, the language of the fourteenth amendment states The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. (Fourteenth Amendment) The significance of a court case leading to the construction of part of a Constitutional amendment is tremendous. Before, the State of Maryland could argue that no specific provision existed in the Constitution, to which the Supreme Court responded with the notion of implied powers. Now, with the influence of McCulloch v. Maryland on the formation of the Fourteenth Amendment, specific provisions existed for the Government to take the moves necessary to uphold the law of the land.Martin Flaherty, in a journal article discussing the Supreme Court decisions of John Marshall, describes the Chief Justice as a legal equivalent to Shakespeargon, in the eloquent path in which he wrote. He goes on to say, however, that Marshall was very firm in his view of We the People, as opposed to We the States. Whereas history teaches that the Constitution was a commodious effort of the states to come together in agreement over laws for the country, Flaherty states that Marshall views the Constitution as a result of the work of the people.He states, The usualand criticalcorollary that follows holds that the national human race erred on the side of according power to the national government at the write down of the states, as McCulloch appears to indicate. (Flaherty, 2002) This article indicates that the dominant impact of McCulloch v. Maryland on the indian lodge of the time as well as society today is that the people are stronger en masse than the states in which they come to pass to reside. This impact of empowerment carries through to the moderne day, both in the case of someone people and of the collective people of the Federal government.Although the decision in McCulloch v. Maryland was made almost 190 years ago, it is as significant now as it was then. among establishing, firmly, the concept of implied powers as well as clearly holding the superiority of the Federal Government over state governments, its reach is far-off and long. Going far beyond the issue of banking, McCullochs bequest may be the empowerment of the contrive We the People and the impact that phrase has had on the citizens of this country for the past two vitamin C years.ReferencesEngle, S. (1999). The McCulloch Theory of the Fourteenth Amendment City of Boerne V.Flores and the airplane pilot Understanding of Section 5. Yale Law Journal, 1091, 115.Flaherty, M.S. (2002). John Marshall, McCulloch V. Maryland, and We the People Revisions in Need of Revising. William and Mary Law Review, 434, 1339.McCulloch v. Maryland. 17 U.S. 316 (1819).U.S. Const., amend XIV, 5.